# Architecture

This document describes the internal architecture of pg_trickle — a PostgreSQL 18 extension that implements stream tables with differential view maintenance.
For a high-level description of what pg_trickle does and why, read [ESSENCE.md](../ESSENCE.md). For release milestones and future plans, see [ROADMAP.md](../ROADMAP.md).

---

## High-Level Overview

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     PostgreSQL 18 Backend                       │
│                                                                 │
│  ┌──────────┐   ┌──────────┐   ┌──────────┐   ┌─────────────┐   │
│  │  Source  │   │  Source  │   │  Storage │   │  Storage    │   │
│  │  Table A │   │  Table B │   │  Table X │   │  Table Y    │   │
│  └────┬─────┘   └────┬─────┘   └────▲─────┘   └────▲────────┘   │
│       │              │              │              │            │
│  ═════╪══════════════╪══════════════╪══════════════╪════════    │
│       │              │              │              │            │
│  ┌────▼──────────────▼────┐   ┌────┴──────────────┴────┐        │
│  │  Hybrid CDC Layer      │   │  Delta Application     │        │
│  │  Triggers ──or── WAL   │   │  (INSERT/DELETE diffs) │        │
│  └────────────┬───────────┘   └────────────▲───────────┘        │
│               │                            │                    │
│  ┌────────────▼───────────┐   ┌────────────┴───────────┐        │
│  │   Change Buffer        │   │   DVM Engine           │        │
│  │   (pgtrickle_changes.*) │   │   (Operator Tree)      │        │
│  └────────────┬───────────┘   └────────────▲───────────┘        │
│               │                            │                    │
│               └────────────┬───────────────┘                    │
│                            │                                    │
│  ┌─────────────────────────▼─────────────────────────────┐      │
│  │              Refresh Engine                           │      │
│  │  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌─────────────────────┐  │      │
│  │  │ Frontier │  │ DAG      │  │ Scheduler           │  │      │
│  │  │ Tracker  │  │ Resolver │  │ (canonical schedule)│  │      │
│  │  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └─────────────────────┘  │      │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘      │
│                                                                 │
│  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐     │
│  │                    Catalog (pgtrickle.*)                │     │
│  │  pgt_stream_tables │ pgt_dependencies │ pgt_refresh_history│  │
│  └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘     │
│                                                                 │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐       │
│  │                  Monitoring Layer                    │       │
│  │  st_refresh_stats │ slot_health │ check_cdc_health    │       │
│  │  explain_st │ views │ NOTIFY alerting               │       │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

---

## Component Details

### 1. SQL API Layer (`src/api.rs`)

The public entry point for users. All operations are exposed as `#[pg_extern]` functions in the `pgtrickle` schema:

- **create_stream_table** — Applies a chain of auto-rewrite passes (view inlining → DISTINCT ON → GROUPING SETS → scalar subquery in WHERE → correlated scalar subquery in SELECT → SubLinks in OR → multi-PARTITION BY windows), parses the defining query, builds an operator tree, creates the storage table, registers CDC slots, populates the catalog, and optionally performs an initial full refresh.
- **alter_stream_table** — Modifies schedule, refresh mode, status (ACTIVE/SUSPENDED), or defining query. Query changes trigger schema migration, dependency updates, and a full refresh within a single transaction.
- **drop_stream_table** — Removes the storage table, catalog entries, and cleans up CDC slots.
- **refresh_stream_table** — Triggers a manual refresh (same path as automatic scheduling).
- **pgt_status** — Returns a summary of all registered stream tables.

### 2. Catalog (`src/catalog.rs`)

The catalog manages persistent metadata stored in PostgreSQL tables within the `pgtrickle` schema:

| Table | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `pgtrickle.pgt_stream_tables` | Core metadata: name, query, schedule, status, frontier, etc. |
| `pgtrickle.pgt_dependencies` | DAG edges from ST to source tables |
| `pgtrickle.pgt_refresh_history` | Audit log of every refresh operation |
| `pgtrickle.pgt_change_tracking` | Per-source CDC slot metadata |

Schema creation is handled by `extension_sql!()` macros that run at `CREATE EXTENSION` time.

#### Entity-Relationship Diagram

```mermaid
erDiagram
    pgt_stream_tables {
        bigserial pgt_id PK
        oid pgt_relid UK "OID of materialized storage table"
        text pgt_name
        text pgt_schema
        text defining_query
        text original_query "User's original SQL (pre-inlining)"
        text schedule "Duration or cron expression"
        text refresh_mode "FULL | DIFFERENTIAL | IMMEDIATE"
        text status "INITIALIZING | ACTIVE | SUSPENDED | ERROR"
        boolean is_populated
        timestamptz data_timestamp "Freshness watermark"
        jsonb frontier "DBSP-style version frontier"
        timestamptz last_refresh_at
        int consecutive_errors
        boolean needs_reinit
        float8 auto_threshold
        float8 last_full_ms
        timestamptz created_at
        timestamptz updated_at
    }

    pgt_dependencies {
        bigint pgt_id PK,FK "References pgt_stream_tables.pgt_id"
        oid source_relid PK "OID of source table"
        text source_type "TABLE | STREAM_TABLE | VIEW"
        text_arr columns_used "Column-level lineage"
        text cdc_mode "TRIGGER | TRANSITIONING | WAL"
        text slot_name "Replication slot (WAL mode)"
        pg_lsn decoder_confirmed_lsn "WAL decoder progress"
        timestamptz transition_started_at "Trigger→WAL transition start"
    }

    pgt_refresh_history {
        bigserial refresh_id PK
        bigint pgt_id FK "References pgt_stream_tables.pgt_id"
        timestamptz data_timestamp
        timestamptz start_time
        timestamptz end_time
        text action "NO_DATA | FULL | DIFFERENTIAL | REINITIALIZE | SKIP"
        bigint rows_inserted
        bigint rows_deleted
        text error_message
        text status "RUNNING | COMPLETED | FAILED | SKIPPED"
        text initiated_by "SCHEDULER | MANUAL | INITIAL"
        timestamptz freshness_deadline
    }

    pgt_change_tracking {
        oid source_relid PK "OID of tracked source table"
        text slot_name "Trigger function name"
        pg_lsn last_consumed_lsn
        bigint_arr tracked_by_pgt_ids "ST IDs sharing this source"
    }

    pgt_stream_tables ||--o{ pgt_dependencies : "has sources"
    pgt_stream_tables ||--o{ pgt_refresh_history : "has refresh history"
    pgt_stream_tables }o--o{ pgt_change_tracking : "tracks via pgt_ids array"
```

> **Note:** Change buffer tables (`pgtrickle_changes.changes_<oid>`) are created dynamically per source table OID and live in the separate `pgtrickle_changes` schema.

### 3. CDC / Change Data Capture (`src/cdc.rs`, `src/wal_decoder.rs`)

pg_trickle uses a **hybrid CDC** architecture that starts with triggers and optionally transitions to WAL-based (logical replication) capture for lower write-side overhead.

#### Trigger Mode (default)

1. **Trigger Management** — Creates `AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE` row-level triggers (`pg_trickle_cdc_<oid>`) on each tracked source table. Each trigger fires a PL/pgSQL function (`pg_trickle_cdc_fn_<oid>()`) that writes changes to the buffer table.
2. **Change Buffering** — Decoded changes are written to per-source change buffer tables in the `pgtrickle_changes` schema. Each row captures the LSN (`pg_current_wal_lsn()`), transaction ID, action type (I/U/D), and the new/old row data as JSONB via `to_jsonb()`.
3. **Cleanup** — Consumed changes are deleted after each successful refresh via `delete_consumed_changes()`, bounded by the upper LSN to prevent unbounded scans.
4. **Lifecycle** — Triggers and trigger functions are automatically created when a source table is first tracked and dropped when the last stream table referencing a source is removed.

The trigger approach was chosen as the default for **transaction safety** (triggers can be created in the same transaction as DDL), **simplicity** (no slot management, no `wal_level = logical` requirement), and **immediate visibility** (changes are visible in buffer tables as soon as the source transaction commits).

#### WAL Mode (optional, automatic transition)

When `pg_trickle.cdc_mode` is set to `'auto'` or `'wal'` and `wal_level = logical` is available, the system transitions from trigger-based to WAL-based CDC after the first successful refresh:

1. **WAL Availability Detection** — At stream table creation, checks whether `wal_level = logical` is configured. If so, the source dependency is marked for WAL transition.
2. **WAL Decoder Background Worker** — A dedicated background worker (`src/wal_decoder.rs`) polls logical replication slots and writes decoded changes into the same change buffer tables used by triggers, ensuring a uniform format for the DVM engine.
3. **Transition Orchestration** — The transition is a three-step process: (a) create a replication slot, (b) wait for the decoder to catch up to the trigger's last confirmed LSN, (c) drop the trigger and switch the dependency to WAL mode. If the decoder doesn't catch up within `pg_trickle.wal_transition_timeout` (default 300s), the system falls back to triggers.
4. **CDC Mode Tracking** — Each source dependency in `pgt_dependencies` carries a `cdc_mode` column (TRIGGER / TRANSITIONING / WAL) and WAL-specific metadata (`slot_name`, `decoder_confirmed_lsn`, `transition_started_at`).

See ADR-001 and ADR-002 in [plans/adrs/PLAN_ADRS.md](../plans/adrs/PLAN_ADRS.md) for the original design rationale and [plans/sql/PLAN_HYBRID_CDC.md](../plans/sql/PLAN_HYBRID_CDC.md) for the full implementation plan.

#### Immediate Mode / Transactional IVM (`src/ivm.rs`)

When `refresh_mode = 'IMMEDIATE'`, pg_trickle uses **statement-level AFTER triggers with transition tables** instead of row-level CDC triggers. The stream table is maintained **synchronously within the same transaction** as the base table DML.

1. **BEFORE Triggers** — Statement-level BEFORE triggers on each base table acquire an advisory lock on the stream table to prevent concurrent conflicting updates.
2. **AFTER Triggers** — Statement-level AFTER triggers with `REFERENCING NEW TABLE AS ... OLD TABLE AS ...` copy the transition table data to temp tables, then call the Rust `pgt_ivm_apply_delta()` function.
3. **Delta Computation** — The DVM engine's `Scan` operator reads from the temp tables (via `DeltaSource::TransitionTable`) instead of change buffer tables. No LSN filtering or net-effect computation is needed — each trigger invocation represents a single atomic statement.
4. **Delta Application** — The computed delta is applied via explicit DML (DELETE + INSERT ON CONFLICT) to the stream table.
5. **TRUNCATE** — A separate AFTER TRUNCATE trigger calls `pgt_ivm_handle_truncate()`, which truncates the stream table and re-populates from the defining query.

No change buffer tables, no scheduler involvement, and no WAL infrastructure is needed for IMMEDIATE mode. See [plans/sql/PLAN_TRANSACTIONAL_IVM.md](../plans/sql/PLAN_TRANSACTIONAL_IVM.md) for the design plan.

### 4. DVM Engine (`src/dvm/`)

The Differential View Maintenance engine is the core of the system. It transforms the defining SQL query into an executable operator tree that can compute deltas efficiently.

#### Auto-Rewrite Pipeline (`src/dvm/parser.rs`)

Before the defining query is parsed into an operator tree, it passes through a chain of auto-rewrite passes that normalize SQL constructs the DVM parser doesn't handle directly:

| Pass | Function | Purpose |
|------|----------|---------|
| #0 | `rewrite_views_inline()` | Replace view references with `(view_definition) AS alias` subqueries |
| #1 | `rewrite_distinct_on()` | Convert `DISTINCT ON` to `ROW_NUMBER() OVER (…) = 1` window subquery |
| #2 | `rewrite_grouping_sets()` | Decompose `GROUPING SETS` / `CUBE` / `ROLLUP` into `UNION ALL` of `GROUP BY` |
| #3 | `rewrite_scalar_subquery_in_where()` | Convert `WHERE col > (SELECT …)` to `CROSS JOIN` |
| #4 | `rewrite_sublinks_in_or()` | Split `WHERE a OR EXISTS (…)` into `UNION` branches |
| #5 | `rewrite_multi_partition_windows()` | Split multiple `PARTITION BY` clauses into joined subqueries |

The view inlining pass (#0) runs first so that view definitions containing DISTINCT ON, GROUPING SETS, etc. are further rewritten by downstream passes. Nested views are expanded via a fixpoint loop (max depth 10).

#### Query Parser (`src/dvm/parser.rs`)

Parses the defining query using PostgreSQL's internal parser (via pgrx `raw_parser`) and extracts:
- **WITH clause** — CTE definitions (non-recursive: inline expansion or shared delta; recursive: detected for mode gating)
- **Target list** — output columns
- **FROM clause** — source tables, joins, subqueries, and CTE references
- **WHERE clause** — filters
- **GROUP BY / aggregate functions**
- **DISTINCT / UNION ALL / INTERSECT / EXCEPT**

The parser produces an `OpTree` — a tree of operator nodes. CTE handling follows a tiered approach:

1. **Tier 1 (Inline Expansion)** — Non-recursive CTEs referenced once are expanded into `Subquery` nodes, equivalent to subqueries in FROM.
2. **Tier 2 (Shared Delta)** — Non-recursive CTEs referenced multiple times produce `CteScan` nodes that share a single delta computation via a CTE registry and delta cache.
3. **Tier 3a/3b/3c (Recursive)** — Recursive CTEs (`WITH RECURSIVE`) are detected via `query_has_recursive_cte()`. In FULL mode, the query executes as-is. In DIFFERENTIAL mode, the strategy is auto-selected: semi-naive evaluation for INSERT-only changes, Delete-and-Rederive (DRed) for mixed changes, or recomputation fallback when CTE columns don't match ST storage or when the recursive term contains non-monotone operators (EXCEPT, Aggregate, Window, DISTINCT, AntiJoin, INTERSECT SET). In IMMEDIATE mode, the same semi-naive / DRed machinery runs against statement transition tables and is bounded by `pg_trickle.ivm_recursive_max_depth` to guard against unbounded recursion.

#### Operators (`src/dvm/operators/`)

Each operator knows how to generate a **delta query** — given a set of changes to its inputs, it produces the corresponding changes to its output:

| Operator | Delta Strategy |
|---|---|
| **Scan** | Direct passthrough of CDC changes |
| **Filter** | Apply WHERE predicate to deltas |
| **Project** | Apply column projection to deltas |
| **Join** | Join deltas against the other side's current state |
| **OuterJoin** | LEFT/RIGHT outer join with NULL padding |
| **FullJoin** | FULL OUTER JOIN with 8-part delta (both sides may produce NULLs) |
| **Aggregate** | Recompute group values where affected keys changed |
| **Distinct** | COUNT-based duplicate tracking |
| **UnionAll** | Merge deltas from both branches |
| **Intersect** | Dual-count multiplicity with LEAST boundary crossing |
| **Except** | Dual-count multiplicity with GREATEST(0, L-R) boundary crossing |
| **Subquery** | Transparent delegation + optional column renaming (CTEs, subselects) |
| **CteScan** | Shared delta lookup from CTE cache (multi-reference CTEs) |
| **RecursiveCte** | Semi-naive / DRed / recomputation for `WITH RECURSIVE` |
| **Window** | Partition-based recomputation for window functions |
| **LateralFunction** | Row-scoped recomputation for SRFs in FROM (jsonb_array_elements, unnest, etc.) |
| **LateralSubquery** | Row-scoped recomputation for correlated subqueries in LATERAL FROM |
| **SemiJoin** | EXISTS / IN subquery delta via semi-join |
| **AntiJoin** | NOT EXISTS / NOT IN subquery delta via anti-join |
| **ScalarSubquery** | Correlated scalar subquery in SELECT list |

See [DVM_OPERATORS.md](DVM_OPERATORS.md) for detailed descriptions.

#### Diff Engine (`src/dvm/diff.rs`)

Generates the final diff SQL that:
1. Computes the delta from the operator tree
2. Produces `('+', row)` for inserts and `('-', row)` for deletes
3. Applies the diff via `DELETE` matching old rows and `INSERT` for new rows

### 5. DAG / Dependency Graph (`src/dag.rs`)

Stream tables can depend on other stream tables (cascading), forming a Directed Acyclic Graph:

- **Cycle detection** — Detects circular dependencies at creation time using Kahn's algorithm (BFS topological sort). When `pg_trickle.allow_circular = true`, monotone cycles (queries using only safe operators — joins, filters, UNION ALL, etc.) are allowed; non-monotone cycles (aggregates, EXCEPT, window functions, anti-joins) are rejected. SCC IDs are automatically assigned to cycle members and recomputed on drop/alter.
- **SCC decomposition** — Tarjan's algorithm decomposes the graph into strongly connected components. Singleton SCCs are acyclic; multi-node SCCs contain cycles that are handled by fixed-point iteration in the scheduler.
- **Monotonicity analysis** — Static check (`check_monotonicity()` in `src/dvm/parser.rs`) determines whether a query's operators are safe for cyclic fixed-point iteration. Non-monotone operators (Aggregate, EXCEPT, Window, NOT EXISTS) block cycle creation.
- **Topological ordering** — Determines refresh order: upstream STs must be refreshed before downstream STs.
- **Condensation order** — `condensation_order()` returns SCCs in topological order, grouping cyclic STs for fixed-point iteration. The scheduler's `iterate_to_fixpoint()` processes multi-node SCCs by refreshing all members repeatedly until convergence (zero net changes) or `max_fixpoint_iterations` is exceeded.
- **Cascade operations** — When a source table changes, all transitive dependents are identified for refresh.

### 6. Version / Frontier Tracking (`src/version.rs`)

Implements a per-source **frontier** (JSONB map of `source_oid → LSN`) to track exactly how far each stream table has consumed changes:

- **Read frontier** — Before refresh, read the frontier to know where to start consuming changes.
- **Advance frontier** — After a successful refresh, the frontier is updated to the latest consumed LSN.
- **Consistent snapshots** — The frontier ensures that each refresh processes a contiguous, non-overlapping window of changes.

#### Delayed View Semantics (DVS) Guarantee

The contents of every stream table are logically equivalent to evaluating its defining query at some past point in time — the `data_timestamp`. The scheduler refreshes STs in **topological order** so that when ST B references upstream ST A, A has already been refreshed to the target `data_timestamp` before B runs its delta query against A's contents. The frontier lifecycle is:

1. **Created** — on first full refresh; records the LSN of each source at that moment.
2. **Advanced** — on each differential refresh; the old frontier becomes the lower bound and the new frontier (with fresh LSNs) the upper bound. The DVM engine reads changes in `[old, new]`.
3. **Reset** — on reinitialize; a fresh frontier is created from scratch.

### 7. Refresh Engine (`src/refresh.rs`)

Orchestrates the complete refresh cycle:

```
┌──────────────┐
│  Check State │ → Is ST active? Has it been populated?
└──────┬───────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────┐
 │ Drain CDC  │ → Read WAL changes into change buffer tables
 └─────┬──────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────────────┐
 │ Determine Action   │ → FULL, DIFFERENTIAL, NO_DATA, REINITIALIZE, or SKIP?
 │                    │   (adaptive: if change ratio > pg_trickle.differential_max_change_ratio,
 │                    │    downgrade DIFFERENTIAL → FULL automatically)
 └─────┬──────────────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────┐
 │ Execute    │ → Full: TRUNCATE + INSERT ... SELECT
 │            │   Differential: Generate & apply delta SQL
 └─────┬──────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────────────┐
 │ Record History     │ → Write to pgtrickle.pgt_refresh_history
 └─────┬──────────────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────────────┐
 │ Advance Frontier   │ → Update JSONB frontier in catalog
 └─────┬──────────────┘
       │
 ┌─────▼──────────────┐
 │ Reset Error Count  │ → On success, reset consecutive_errors to 0
 └──────────────────────┘
```

### 8. Background Worker & Scheduling (`src/scheduler.rs`)

#### Registration & Lifecycle

pg_trickle registers **one PostgreSQL background worker** — the *scheduler* — during `_PG_init()` (extension load). Because it is registered at startup, `pg_trickle` **must** appear in `shared_preload_libraries`, which requires a server restart.

```
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  PostgreSQL postmaster                           │
│                                                                  │
│  shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_trickle'                          │
│       │                                                          │
│       ▼                                                          │
│  _PG_init()                                                      │
│    ├─ Register GUCs (pg_trickle.enabled, scheduler_interval_ms …) │
│    ├─ Register shared memory (PgTrickleSharedState, atomics)      │
│    └─ BackgroundWorkerBuilder::new("pg_trickle scheduler")        │
│         .set_start_time(RecoveryFinished)                        │
│         .set_restart_time(5s)       ← auto-restart on crash      │
│         .load()                                                  │
│                                                                  │
│  After recovery finishes:                                        │
│       │                                                          │
│       ▼                                                          │
│  pg_trickle_scheduler_main()         ← background worker starts   │
│    ├─ Attach SIGHUP + SIGTERM handlers                           │
│    ├─ Connect to SPI (database = "postgres")                     │
│    ├─ Crash recovery: mark stale RUNNING records as FAILED       │
│    └─ Enter main loop ─────────────────────────┐                 │
│         │                                      │                 │
│         ▼                                      │                 │
│     wait_latch(scheduler_interval_ms)          │                 │
│         │                                      │                 │
│     ┌───▼───────────────────────────────┐      │                 │
│     │ SIGTERM? → log + break            │      │                 │
│     │ pg_trickle.enabled = false? → skip │      │                 │
│     │ Otherwise → scheduler tick        │      │                 │
│     └───┬───────────────────────────────┘      │                 │
│         │                                      │                 │
│         └──────────── loop ────────────────────┘                 │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

Key lifecycle properties:

| Property | Behaviour |
|---|---|
| **Start condition** | After PostgreSQL recovery finishes (`RecoveryFinished`) |
| **Auto-restart** | 5-second delay after an unexpected crash |
| **Graceful shutdown** | Handles `SIGTERM` — breaks the main loop and exits cleanly |
| **Config reload** | Handles `SIGHUP` — re-reads GUC values on the next latch wake |
| **Crash recovery** | On startup, any `pgt_refresh_history` rows stuck in `RUNNING` status are marked `FAILED` (the transaction that wrote them was rolled back by PostgreSQL, but the status row may have been committed in a prior transaction) |
| **Database** | Connects to the `postgres` database via SPI |
| **Standby / replica** | On standby servers (`pg_is_in_recovery() = true`), the worker enters a sleep loop and does **not** attempt refreshes. Stream tables are still readable on standbys — they are regular heap tables replicated via physical streaming replication. After promotion the scheduler resumes automatically. See the [FAQ § Replication](FAQ.md#ec-21-22-23) for details on logical replication and subscriber limitations. |

#### Scheduler Tick

Each tick of the main loop performs the following steps inside a single transaction:

1. **DAG rebuild** — Compare the shared-memory `DAG_REBUILD_SIGNAL` counter against the local copy. If it advanced (a `CREATE`, `ALTER`, or `DROP` stream table occurred), rebuild the in-memory dependency graph (`StDag`) from the catalog.
2. **Topological traversal** — Walk stream tables in dependency order (upstream before downstream). This ensures that when ST B references ST A, A is refreshed first.
3. **Per-ST evaluation** — For each active ST:
   - Skip if in retry backoff (exponential, per-ST).
   - Skip if schedule/cron says not yet due.
   - Skip if an advisory lock indicates a concurrent refresh.
   - Check upstream change buffers for pending rows.
4. **Execute refresh** — Acquire an advisory lock → record `RUNNING` in history → run `FULL` / `DIFFERENTIAL` / `REINITIALIZE` → store new frontier → release lock → record completion.
5. **WAL transitions** — Advance any trigger→WAL CDC mode transitions (`src/wal_decoder.rs`).
6. **Slot health** — Check replication slot health and emit `NOTIFY` alerts.
7. **Prune retry state** — Remove backoff entries for STs that no longer exist.

#### Sequential Processing (Default)

**By default (`parallel_refresh_mode = 'off`), the scheduler processes
stream tables sequentially within a single background worker.** All STs
are refreshed one at a time in topological order.
`pg_trickle.max_concurrent_refreshes` (default 4) only prevents a manual
`pgtrickle.refresh_stream_table()` call from overlapping with the
scheduler on the *same* ST — it does not spawn additional workers.

The PostgreSQL GUC `max_worker_processes` (default 8) sets the server-wide budget for *all* background workers (autovacuum, parallel query, logical replication, extensions). In sequential mode pg_trickle consumes **one** slot from that budget.

#### Parallel Refresh (`parallel_refresh_mode = 'on'`)

When enabled, the scheduler builds an **execution-unit DAG** from the
stream-table dependency graph and dispatches independent units to
dynamic background workers:

1. **Execution units** — Each independent stream table becomes a
   *singleton* unit. Atomic consistency groups and IMMEDIATE-trigger
   closures are collapsed into composite units that run in a single
   worker for correctness.
2. **Ready queue** — Units whose upstream dependencies have all
   completed enter the ready queue. The coordinator dispatches them
   subject to a per-database cap (`max_concurrent_refreshes`) and a
   cluster-wide cap (`max_dynamic_refresh_workers`).
3. **Dynamic workers** — Each dispatched unit spawns a short-lived
   background worker via `BackgroundWorkerBuilder::load_dynamic()`.
   Workers claim a job from the `pgtrickle.pgt_scheduler_jobs` catalog
   table, execute the refresh, and exit.

The parallel path respects the same topological ordering as the
sequential path — downstream units only become ready after all upstream
units succeed. The worker-budget caps ensure pg_trickle does not exhaust
`max_worker_processes`.

See [PLAN_PARALLELISM.md](../plans/sql/PLAN_PARALLELISM.md) for the full
design and [CONFIGURATION.md](CONFIGURATION.md#parallel-refresh) for
tuning guidance.

#### Retry & Error Handling

Each ST maintains an in-memory `RetryState` (reset on scheduler restart):

- **Retryable errors** (SPI failures, lock contention, slot issues) trigger exponential backoff.
- **Permanent errors** (schema mismatch, user errors) skip backoff but increment `consecutive_errors`.
- When `consecutive_errors` reaches `pg_trickle.max_consecutive_errors` (default 3), the ST is auto-suspended and a `NOTIFY` alert is emitted.
- Schema errors additionally set `needs_reinit`, triggering a `REINITIALIZE` on the next successful cycle.

#### Scheduling Policy

Automatic refresh scheduling uses **canonical periods** (48·2ⁿ seconds, n = 0, 1, 2, …) snapped to the user's `schedule`:

- Picks the smallest canonical period ≤ `schedule`.
- For **DOWNSTREAM** schedule (NULL schedule), the ST refreshes only when explicitly triggered or when a downstream ST needs it.
- Advisory locks prevent concurrent refreshes of the same ST.
- The scheduler is driven by the background worker polling at the `pg_trickle.scheduler_interval_ms` GUC interval.

#### Shared Memory (`src/shmem.rs`)

The scheduler background worker and user sessions share a `PgTrickleSharedState` structure protected by a `PgLwLock`. Key fields:

| Field | Type | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| `dag_version` | `u64` | Incremented when the ST catalog changes; used by the scheduler to detect when the DAG needs rebuilding. |
| `scheduler_pid` | `i32` | PID of the scheduler background worker (0 if not running). |
| `scheduler_running` | `bool` | Whether the scheduler is active. |
| `last_scheduler_wake` | `i64` | Unix timestamp of the last scheduler wake cycle (for monitoring). |

A separate `PgAtomic<AtomicU64>` named `DAG_REBUILD_SIGNAL` is incremented by API functions (`create`, `alter`, `drop`) after catalog mutations. The scheduler compares its local copy against the atomic counter to detect when to rebuild its in-memory DAG without holding a lock.

A second `PgAtomic<AtomicU64>` named `CACHE_GENERATION` tracks DDL events that may invalidate cached delta or MERGE templates across backends. When DDL hooks fire (view change, ALTER TABLE, function change) or API functions mutate the catalog, `CACHE_GENERATION` is bumped. Each backend maintains a thread-local generation counter; on the next refresh, if the shared generation has advanced, the backend flushes its delta template cache, MERGE template cache, and explicitly `DEALLOCATE`s tracked `__pgt_merge_*` prepared statements before rebuilding local state.

### 9. DDL Tracking (`src/hooks.rs`)

Event triggers monitor DDL changes to source tables and functions:

- **`_on_ddl_end`** — Fires on `ALTER TABLE` to detect column adds/drops/type changes. If a source table used by a ST is altered, the ST's `needs_reinit` flag is set. Also detects `CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION` / `ALTER FUNCTION` — if the function appears in a ST's `functions_used` catalog column, the ST is marked for reinit.
- **`_on_sql_drop`** — Fires on `DROP TABLE` to set `needs_reinit` for affected STs. Also detects `DROP FUNCTION` and marks affected STs for reinit.
- **Function name extraction** — `object_identity` strings (e.g., `public.my_func(integer, text)`) are parsed to extract the bare function name, which is matched against the `functions_used TEXT[]` column in `pgt_stream_tables`.

Reinitialization is deferred until the next refresh cycle, which then performs a `REINITIALIZE` action (drop and recreate the storage table from the updated query).

### 10. Error Handling (`src/error.rs`)

Centralized error types using `thiserror`:

- `PgTrickleError` variants cover catalog access, SQL execution, CDC, DVM, DAG, and config errors.
- Each refresh failure increments `consecutive_errors`.
- When `consecutive_errors` reaches `pg_trickle.max_consecutive_errors` (default 3), the ST is moved to `ERROR` status and suspended from automatic refresh.
- Manual intervention (`ALTER ... status => 'ACTIVE'`) resets the counter.

### 11. Monitoring (`src/monitor.rs`)

Provides observability functions:

- **st_refresh_stats** — Aggregate statistics (total/successful/failed refreshes, avg duration, staleness status).
- **get_refresh_history** — Per-ST audit trail.
- **get_staleness** — Current staleness in seconds.
- **slot_health** — Checks replication slot state and WAL retention.
- **check_cdc_health** — Per-source CDC health status including mode, slot lag, confirmed LSN, and alerts.
- **explain_st** — Describes the DVM plan for a given ST.
- **diamond_groups** — Lists detected diamond dependency groups, their members, convergence points, and epoch counters.
- **Views** — `pgtrickle.stream_tables_info` (computed staleness) and `pgtrickle.pg_stat_stream_tables` (combined stats).

#### NOTIFY Alerting

Operational events are broadcast via PostgreSQL `NOTIFY` on the `pg_trickle_alert` channel. Clients can subscribe with `LISTEN pg_trickle_alert;` and receive JSON-formatted events:

| Event | Condition |
|---|---|
| `stale` | data staleness exceeds 2× `schedule` |
| `auto_suspended` | ST suspended after `pg_trickle.max_consecutive_errors` failures |
| `reinitialize_needed` | Upstream DDL change detected |
| `slot_lag_warning` | Replication slot WAL retention exceeded `pg_trickle.slot_lag_warning_threshold_mb` |
| `cdc_transition_complete` | Source transitioned from trigger to WAL-based CDC |
| `cdc_transition_failed` | Trigger→WAL transition failed (fell back to triggers) |
| `refresh_completed` | Refresh completed successfully |
| `refresh_failed` | Refresh failed with an error |

### 12. Row ID Hashing (`src/hash.rs`)

Provides deterministic 64-bit row identifiers using **xxHash (xxh64)** with a fixed seed. Two SQL functions are exposed:

- **`pgtrickle.pg_trickle_hash(text)`** — Hash a single text value; used for simple single-column row IDs.
- **`pgtrickle.pg_trickle_hash_multi(text[])`** — Hash multiple values (separated by a record-separator byte `\x1E`) for composite keys (join row IDs, GROUP BY keys).

Row IDs are written into every stream table's storage as an internal `__pgt_row_id BIGINT` column and are used by the delta application phase to match `DELETE` candidates precisely.

### 13. Diamond Dependency Consistency (`src/dag.rs`)

When stream tables form **diamond-shaped dependency graphs**, a convergence (fan-in) node may read from multiple upstream STs that share a common ancestor:

```
        A (source table)
       / \
      B   C   (intermediate STs)
       \ /
        D     (convergence / fan-in ST)
```

If B refreshes successfully but C fails, D would read a fresh version of B's data alongside stale data from C — a **split-version inconsistency**.

#### Detection

`StDag::detect_diamonds()` walks all fan-in nodes (STs with multiple upstream ST dependencies) and computes transitive ancestor sets per branch. If two or more branches share ancestors, a diamond is detected. Overlapping diamonds are merged.

#### Consistency Groups

`StDag::compute_consistency_groups()` converts detected diamonds into **consistency groups** — topologically ordered sets of STs that must be refreshed atomically. Each group contains:

- **Members** — All intermediate STs plus the convergence node, in refresh order.
- **Convergence points** — The fan-in nodes where multiple paths meet.
- **Epoch counter** — Advances on each successful atomic refresh.

STs not involved in any diamond are placed in singleton groups (no overhead).

#### Scheduler Wiring

When `diamond_consistency = 'atomic'` (per-ST or via the `pg_trickle.diamond_consistency` GUC):

1. The scheduler wraps each multi-member group in a `SAVEPOINT pgt_consistency_group`.
2. Each member is refreshed in topological order within the savepoint.
3. **If all succeed** — `RELEASE SAVEPOINT` and advance the group epoch.
4. **If any member fails** — `ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT` undoes all members' changes. The failure is logged and the group retries on the next scheduler tick.

With `diamond_consistency = 'none'` (default), members refresh independently in topological order — matching pre-feature behavior.

#### Schedule Policy

The `diamond_schedule_policy` setting (per-convergence-node or via the `pg_trickle.diamond_schedule_policy` GUC) controls **when** an atomic group fires:

| Policy | Trigger condition | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| `'fastest'` **(default)** | Any member is due | Higher freshness, more refreshes |
| `'slowest'` | All members are due | Lower resource cost, staler data |

The policy is set on the convergence (fan-in) node. When multiple convergence nodes exist in the same group (nested diamonds), the **strictest** policy wins (`slowest > fastest`). The GUC serves as a cluster-wide fallback for nodes without an explicit per-node setting.

#### Monitoring

The `pgtrickle.diamond_groups()` SQL function exposes detected groups for operational visibility. See [SQL_REFERENCE.md](SQL_REFERENCE.md) for details.

### 14. Configuration (`src/config.rs`)

Runtime behavior is controlled by a growing set of GUC (Grand Unified Configuration) variables. See [CONFIGURATION.md](CONFIGURATION.md) for the complete, current list.

| GUC | Default | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| `pg_trickle.enabled` | `true` | Master on/off switch for the scheduler |
| `pg_trickle.scheduler_interval_ms` | `1000` | Scheduler background worker wake interval (ms) |
| `pg_trickle.min_schedule_seconds` | `60` | Minimum allowed `schedule` |
| `pg_trickle.max_consecutive_errors` | `3` | Errors before auto-suspending a ST |
| `pg_trickle.change_buffer_schema` | `pgtrickle_changes` | Schema for change buffer tables |
| `pg_trickle.max_concurrent_refreshes` | `4` | Maximum parallel refresh workers |
| `pg_trickle.differential_max_change_ratio` | `0.15` | Change-to-table-size ratio above which DIFFERENTIAL falls back to FULL |
| `pg_trickle.cleanup_use_truncate` | `true` | Use `TRUNCATE` instead of `DELETE` for change buffer cleanup when the entire buffer is consumed |
| `pg_trickle.user_triggers` | `'auto'` | User-defined trigger handling: `auto` / `off` (`on` accepted as deprecated alias for `auto`) |
| `pg_trickle.block_source_ddl` | `false` | Block column-affecting DDL on tracked source tables instead of reinit |
| `pg_trickle.cdc_mode` | `'auto'` | CDC mechanism: `auto` / `trigger` / `wal` |
| `pg_trickle.wal_transition_timeout` | `300` | Max seconds to wait for WAL decoder catch-up during transition |
| `pg_trickle.slot_lag_warning_threshold_mb` | `100` | Warning threshold for WAL slot retention used by `slot_lag_warning` and `health_check()` |
| `pg_trickle.slot_lag_critical_threshold_mb` | `1024` | Critical threshold for WAL slot retention used by `check_cdc_health()` alerts |
| `pg_trickle.diamond_consistency` | `'none'` | Diamond dependency consistency mode: `none` or `atomic` |
| `pg_trickle.diamond_schedule_policy` | `'fastest'` | Schedule policy for atomic diamond groups: `fastest` or `slowest` |
| `pg_trickle.merge_planner_hints` | `true` | Inject `SET LOCAL` planner hints (disable nestloop, raise work_mem) before MERGE |
| `pg_trickle.merge_work_mem_mb` | `64` | `work_mem` (MB) applied when delta exceeds 10 000 rows and planner hints enabled |
| `pg_trickle.use_prepared_statements` | `true` | Use SQL PREPARE/EXECUTE for cached MERGE templates |

---

## Data Flow: End-to-End Refresh

```
 Source Table INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
           │
           ▼
 Hybrid CDC Layer:
   ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │ TRIGGER mode: Row-Level AFTER Trigger        │
   │   pg_trickle_cdc_fn_<oid>() → buffer table    │
   │                                              │
   │ WAL mode: Logical Replication Slot           │
   │   wal_decoder bgworker → same buffer table   │
   └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
           │
           ▼
 Change Buffer Table (pgtrickle_changes.changes_<oid>)
   Columns: change_id, lsn, xid, action (I/U/D), row_data (jsonb)
           │
           ▼
 DVM Engine: generate delta SQL from operator tree
   - Scan operator reads from change buffer
   - Filter/Project/Join transform the deltas
   - Aggregate recomputes affected groups
           │
           ▼
 Diff Engine: produce (+/-) diff rows
           │
           ▼
 Delta Application:
   DELETE FROM storage WHERE __pgt_row_id IN (removed)
   INSERT INTO storage SELECT ... FROM (added)
           │
           ▼
 Frontier Update: advance per-source LSN
           │
           ▼
 History Record: log to pgtrickle.pgt_refresh_history
```

---

## Module Map

```
src/
├── lib.rs           # Extension entry, module declarations, _PG_init
├── bin/
│   └── pgrx_embed.rs# pgrx SQL entity embedding (generated)
├── api.rs           # SQL API functions (create/alter/drop/refresh/status)
├── catalog.rs       # Catalog CRUD operations
├── cdc.rs           # Change data capture (triggers + WAL transition)
├── config.rs        # GUC variable registration
├── dag.rs           # Dependency graph (cycle detection, SCC decomposition, topo sort)
├── error.rs         # Centralized error types
├── hash.rs          # xxHash row ID generation (pg_trickle_hash / pg_trickle_hash_multi)
├── hooks.rs         # DDL event trigger handlers (_on_ddl_end, _on_sql_drop)
├── ivm.rs           # Transactional IVM (IMMEDIATE mode: statement-level triggers)
├── shmem.rs         # Shared memory state (PgTrickleSharedState, DAG_REBUILD_SIGNAL, CACHE_GENERATION)
├── dvm/
│   ├── mod.rs       # DVM module root + recursive CTE orchestration
│   ├── parser.rs    # Query → OpTree converter (CTE extraction, subquery, window support)
│   ├── diff.rs      # Delta SQL generation (CTE delta cache)
│   ├── row_id.rs    # Row ID generation
│   └── operators/
│       ├── mod.rs           # Operator trait + registry
│       ├── scan.rs          # Table scan (CDC passthrough)
│       ├── filter.rs        # WHERE clause filtering
│       ├── project.rs       # Column projection
│       ├── join.rs          # Inner join
│       ├── join_common.rs   # Shared join utilities (snapshot subqueries, column disambiguation)
│       ├── outer_join.rs    # LEFT/RIGHT outer join
│       ├── full_join.rs     # FULL OUTER JOIN (8-part delta)
│       ├── aggregate.rs     # GROUP BY + aggregate functions (39 AggFunc variants)
│       ├── distinct.rs      # DISTINCT deduplication
│       ├── union_all.rs     # UNION ALL merging
│       ├── intersect.rs     # INTERSECT / INTERSECT ALL (dual-count LEAST)
│       ├── except.rs        # EXCEPT / EXCEPT ALL (dual-count GREATEST)
│       ├── subquery.rs      # Subquery / inlined CTE delegation
│       ├── cte_scan.rs      # Shared CTE delta (multi-reference)
│       ├── recursive_cte.rs # Recursive CTE (semi-naive + DRed + recomputation)
│       ├── window.rs        # Window function (partition recomputation)
│       ├── lateral_function.rs  # LATERAL SRF (row-scoped recomputation)
│       ├── lateral_subquery.rs  # LATERAL correlated subquery
│       ├── semi_join.rs     # EXISTS / IN subquery (semi-join delta)
│       ├── anti_join.rs     # NOT EXISTS / NOT IN subquery (anti-join delta)
│       └── scalar_subquery.rs   # Correlated scalar subquery in SELECT
├── monitor.rs       # Monitoring & observability functions
├── refresh.rs       # Refresh orchestration
├── scheduler.rs     # Automatic scheduling with canonical periods
├── version.rs       # Frontier / LSN tracking
└── wal_decoder.rs   # WAL-based CDC (logical replication slot polling, transitions)
```

### Extension Control File (`pg_trickle.control`)

The `pg_trickle.control` file in the repository root is required by PostgreSQL's
extension infrastructure. It declares the extension's description, default
version, shared-library path, and privilege requirements. PostgreSQL reads this
file when `CREATE EXTENSION pg_trickle;` is executed.

During packaging (`cargo pgrx package`), pgrx replaces the `@CARGO_VERSION@`
placeholder with the version from `Cargo.toml` and copies the file into the
target's `share/extension/` directory alongside the SQL migration scripts.
