mod fixtures;

use fixtures::*;
use rstest::*;
use serde_json::Value;
use sqlx::PgConnection;

/// Helper function to verify that a query plan uses ParadeDB's custom scan operator.
/// It recursively searches the plan and asserts that exactly one "Custom Scan" node is found.
#[track_caller]
fn verify_custom_scan(plan: &Value, description: &str) {
    fn find_custom_scan_nodes<'a>(plan_node: &'a Value, nodes: &mut Vec<&'a Value>) {
        if let Some(obj) = plan_node.as_object() {
            if let Some("Custom Scan") = obj.get("Node Type").and_then(Value::as_str) {
                nodes.push(plan_node);
            }

            if let Some(plans) = obj.get("Plans").and_then(Value::as_array) {
                for child_plan in plans {
                    find_custom_scan_nodes(child_plan, nodes);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let root_plan_node = plan
        .pointer("/0/Plan")
        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Could not find plan node in: {plan:?}"));

    let mut custom_scan_nodes = Vec::new();
    find_custom_scan_nodes(root_plan_node, &mut custom_scan_nodes);

    assert_eq!(
        1,
        custom_scan_nodes.len(),
        "Expected to find exactly one Custom Scan node for '{description}', but found {}. Plan: {plan:#?}",
        custom_scan_nodes.len()
    );
}

#[rstest]
fn pushdown_is_true_doesnt_require_scores_with_parallel_custom_scan(mut conn: PgConnection) {
    r#"CREATE TABLE pushdown_is_true(
        id serial8 not null primary key,
        bool_field bool
    );
    CREATE INDEX idxpushdown_is_true ON pushdown_is_true USING bm25 (id, bool_field) WITH (key_field = 'id');
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    INSERT INTO pushdown_is_true (bool_field) SELECT true FROM generate_series(1, 100);
    "#
    .execute(&mut conn);

    // the test is simply that this doesn't cause postgres to raise an ERROR: cannot sort by field and get scores in the same query
    //
    // user reported a bug where, specifically, a `bool_field = TRUE|FALSE` pushdown would cause the
    // query to think it needed scores, which, clearly, the query doesn't use
    "SELECT * FROM pushdown_is_true WHERE bool_field = TRUE AND id @@@ paradedb.all() ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 25 OFFSET 0"
        .execute(&mut conn);
}

#[rstest]
fn pushdown(mut conn: PgConnection) {
    const OPERATORS: [&str; 6] = ["=", ">", "<", ">=", "<=", "<>"];

    // colname, sqltype, default value
    const TYPES: &[[&str; 3]] = &[
        ["int2", "int2", "0"],
        ["int4", "int4", "0"],
        ["int8", "int8", "0"],
        ["float4", "float4", "0"],
        ["float8", "float8", "0"],
        ["date", "date", "now()"],
        ["time", "time", "now()"],
        ["timetz", "timetz", "now()"],
        ["timestamp", "timestamp", "now()"],
        ["timestamptz", "timestamptz", "now()"],
        ["text", "text", "'foo'::text"],
        ["text_1", "text", "'foo'::varchar"],
        ["varchar", "varchar", "'foo'::varchar"],
        ["varchar_1", "varchar", "'foo'::text"],
        ["uuid", "uuid", "gen_random_uuid()"],
    ];

    let sqlname = |sqltype: &str| -> String { String::from("col_") + &sqltype.replace('"', "") };

    let mut sql = String::new();
    sql += "CREATE TABLE test (id SERIAL8 NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, col_boolean boolean DEFAULT false";
    for [colname, sqltype, default] in TYPES {
        sql += &format!(
            ", {} {sqltype} NOT NULL DEFAULT {default}",
            sqlname(colname)
        );
    }
    sql += ");";

    eprintln!("{sql}");
    sql.execute(&mut conn);

    let sql = format!(
        r#"
            CREATE INDEX idxtest
                      ON test
                   USING bm25 (id, col_boolean, {})
                   WITH (
                    key_field='id',
                        text_fields = '{{
                            "col_text": {{"tokenizer": {{"type":"keyword"}} }},
                            "col_text_1": {{"tokenizer": {{"type":"keyword"}} }},
                            "col_varchar": {{"tokenizer": {{"type":"keyword"}} }},
                            "col_varchar_1": {{"tokenizer": {{"type":"keyword"}} }}
                         }}'
                    );"#,
        TYPES
            .iter()
            .map(|t| sqlname(t[0]))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .join(", ")
    );
    eprintln!("{sql}");
    sql.execute(&mut conn);

    "INSERT INTO test (id) VALUES (1);".execute(&mut conn); // insert all default values

    "SET enable_indexscan TO off;".execute(&mut conn);
    "SET enable_bitmapscan TO off;".execute(&mut conn);
    "SET max_parallel_workers TO 0;".execute(&mut conn);
    "SET paradedb.enable_custom_scan_without_operator TO on;".execute(&mut conn);

    for operator in OPERATORS {
        for [colname, sqltype, default] in TYPES {
            let sqlname = sqlname(colname);
            let sql = format!(
                r#"
                EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
                SELECT count(*)
                FROM test
                WHERE {sqlname} {operator} {default}::{sqltype};
            "#
            );

            eprintln!("/----------/");
            eprintln!("{sql}");

            let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(&mut conn);
            eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

            verify_custom_scan(&plan, &format!("Operator {operator} for type {sqltype}"));
        }
    }

    // boolean is a bit of a separate beast, so test it directly
    {
        let sqltype = "boolean";
        let sqlname = sqlname(sqltype);
        let sql = format!(
            r#"
                EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
                SELECT count(*)
                FROM test
                WHERE {sqlname} = true;
            "#
        );

        eprintln!("/----------/");
        eprintln!("{sql}");

        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(&mut conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        verify_custom_scan(&plan, "boolean = true operator");
    }
    {
        let sqltype = "boolean";
        let sqlname = sqlname(sqltype);
        let sql = format!(
            r#"
                EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
                SELECT count(*)
                FROM test
                WHERE {sqlname} = false;
            "#
        );

        eprintln!("/----------/");
        eprintln!("{sql}");

        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(&mut conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        verify_custom_scan(&plan, "boolean = false operator");
    }
}

#[rstest]
fn issue2301_is_null_with_joins(mut conn: PgConnection) {
    r#"
        CREATE TABLE mcp_server (
            id integer GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
            name text NOT NULL,
            description text NOT NULL,
            created_at timestamp with time zone NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
            attributes jsonb NOT NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb,
            updated_at timestamp with time zone NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
            synced_at timestamp with time zone,
            removed_at timestamp with time zone
        );
        CREATE INDEX mcp_server_search_idx ON mcp_server
        USING bm25 (id, name, description, synced_at, removed_at)
        WITH (key_field='id');
    "#
    .execute(&mut conn);

    let (plan, ) = r#"
        EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON) SELECT ms1.id, ms1.name, pdb.score (ms1.id)
        FROM mcp_server ms1
        WHERE
          ms1.synced_at IS NOT NULL
          AND ms1.removed_at IS NULL
          AND ms1.id @@@ '{
              "boolean": {
                "should": [
                  {"boost": {"factor": 2, "query": {"fuzzy_term": {"field": "name", "value": "cloudflare"}}}},
                  {"boost": {"factor": 1, "query": {"fuzzy_term": {"field": "description", "value": "cloudflare"}}}}
                ]
              }
            }'::jsonb
        ORDER BY pdb.score (ms1.id) DESC;
    "#.fetch_one::<(Value, )>(&mut conn);

    eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

    verify_custom_scan(&plan, "IS NULL with joins");
}

#[fixture]
fn setup_test_table(mut conn: PgConnection) -> PgConnection {
    let sql = r#"
        CREATE TABLE test (
            id SERIAL8 NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
            col_boolean boolean DEFAULT false,
            col_text text,
            col_int8 int8
        );
    "#;
    sql.execute(&mut conn);

    let sql = r#"
        CREATE INDEX idxtest ON test USING bm25 (id, col_boolean, col_text, col_int8)
        WITH (key_field='id', text_fields = '{"col_text": {"fast": true, "tokenizer": {"type":"raw"}}}');
    "#;
    sql.execute(&mut conn);

    "INSERT INTO test (id, col_text) VALUES (1, NULL);".execute(&mut conn);
    "INSERT INTO test (id, col_text) VALUES (2, 'foo');".execute(&mut conn);
    "INSERT INTO test (id, col_text, col_int8) VALUES (3, 'bar', 333);".execute(&mut conn);
    "INSERT INTO test (id, col_int8) VALUES (4, 444);".execute(&mut conn);

    "SET enable_indexscan TO off;".execute(&mut conn);
    "SET enable_bitmapscan TO off;".execute(&mut conn);
    "SET max_parallel_workers TO 0;".execute(&mut conn);
    conn
}

mod pushdown_is_not_null {
    use super::*;

    #[rstest]
    fn custom_scan(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        let sql = r#"
            EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ '1';
        "#;

        eprintln!("/----------/");
        eprintln!("{sql}");

        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(&mut conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        // Verify that the custom scan is used
        verify_custom_scan(&plan, "IS NOT NULL condition");
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_count(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that count is correct
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(2,)]);

        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(2,)]);

        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NOT NULL
            AND col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(1,)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_return_values(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        let res = r#"
            SELECT *
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range)
            ORDER BY id;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<String>, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(
            res,
            vec![
                (2, false, Some(String::from("foo")), None),
                (3, false, Some(String::from("bar")), Some(333))
            ]
        );

        let res = r#"
            SELECT *
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NOT NULL
            AND col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<String>, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(res, vec![(3, false, Some(String::from("bar")), Some(333))]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_multiple_predicates(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that IS NOT NULL works with other predicates
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ '>2';
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(1,)]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT *
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ '>2';
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<String>, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(res, vec![(3, false, Some(String::from("bar")), Some(333))]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_ordering(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that results are correct and ordered
        let result = r#"
            SELECT id
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY id DESC;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![(3,), (2,)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_aggregation(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that GROUP BY works
        let result = r#"
            SELECT col_text, count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            and id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            GROUP BY col_text
            ORDER BY col_text;
        "#
        .fetch::<(String, i64)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(
            result,
            vec![(String::from("bar"), 1), (String::from("foo"), 1)]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_distinct(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that DISTIINCT works
        let count = r#"
            SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col_text)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            and id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(2,)]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT DISTINCT col_text
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            and id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY col_text;
        "#
        .fetch::<(Option<String>,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(
            res,
            vec![(Some(String::from("bar")),), (Some(String::from("foo")),)]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_join(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that JOIN works
        "CREATE TABLE test2 (id SERIAL8 NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ref_id int8, ref_text text);"
            .execute(&mut conn);
        let sql = r#"
            CREATE INDEX idxtest2 ON test2 USING bm25 (id, ref_id, ref_text)
            WITH (key_field='id', text_fields = '{"ref_text": {"fast": true, "tokenizer": {"type":"raw"}}}');
        "#;
        sql.execute(&mut conn);

        "INSERT INTO test2 (ref_id, ref_text) VALUES (1, 'qux');".execute(&mut conn);
        "INSERT INTO test2 (ref_id, ref_text) VALUES (3, 'foo');".execute(&mut conn);

        let join = r#"
            SELECT test.id, test.col_text, test2.ref_text
            FROM test
            INNER JOIN test2 ON test.id = test2.ref_id
            WHERE test.col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND test.id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY test.id;
        "#
        .fetch_one::<(i64, String, String)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(join, (3, String::from("bar"), String::from("foo")));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn post_update(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that NULL is not counted after update
        "UPDATE test SET col_text = NULL".execute(&mut conn);
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(0,)]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT *
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NOT NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<String>, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(res, vec![]);
    }
}

mod pushdown_is_null {
    use super::*;

    #[rstest]
    fn custom_scan(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        let sql = r#"
            EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ '1';
        "#;

        eprintln!("/----------/");
        eprintln!("{sql}");

        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(&mut conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        // Verify that the custom scan is used
        verify_custom_scan(&plan, "IS NULL condition");
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_count(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that count is correct
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(2,)]);

        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(2,)]);

        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NULL
            AND col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(1,)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_return_values(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        let res = r#"
            SELECT id, col_boolean, col_int8
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5]'::int8range)
            ORDER BY id;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(res, vec![(1, false, None), (4, false, Some(444))]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT *
            FROM test
            WHERE col_int8 IS NULL
            AND col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ '1' OR id @@@ '2' OR id @@@ '3' OR id @@@ '4'
            ORDER BY id;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<String>, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(
            res,
            vec![
                (1, false, None, None),
                (2, false, Some(String::from("foo")), None),
                (3, false, Some(String::from("bar")), Some(333)),
                (4, false, None, Some(444))
            ]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_multiple_predicates(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that IS NULL works with other predicates
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ '>2';
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(1,)]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT id, col_boolean, col_int8
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ '>2';
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, bool, Option<i64>)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(res, vec![(4, false, Some(444))]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_ordering(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that results are correct and ordered
        let result = r#"
            SELECT id
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY id DESC;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![(4,), (1,)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_aggregation(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that GROUP BY works
        let result = r#"
            SELECT col_int8, count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            and id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            GROUP BY col_int8
            ORDER BY col_int8;
        "#
        .fetch::<(Option<i64>, i64)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![(Some(444), 1), (None, 1)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_distinct(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that DISTIINCT works
        let result = r#"
            SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col_int8)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            and id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![(1,)]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn with_join(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that JOIN works
        "CREATE TABLE test2 (id SERIAL8 NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ref_id int8, ref_text text);"
            .execute(&mut conn);
        let sql = r#"
            CREATE INDEX idxtest2 ON test2 USING bm25 (id, ref_id, ref_text)
            WITH (key_field='id', text_fields = '{"ref_text": {"fast": true, "tokenizer": {"type":"raw"}}}');
        "#;
        sql.execute(&mut conn);

        "INSERT INTO test2 (ref_id, ref_text) VALUES (2, 'qux');".execute(&mut conn);
        "INSERT INTO test2 (ref_id, ref_text) VALUES (4, 'foo');".execute(&mut conn);

        let join = r#"
            SELECT test.id, test.col_text, test2.ref_text
            FROM test
            INNER JOIN test2 ON test.id = test2.ref_id
            WHERE test.col_int8 IS NULL
            AND test.id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY test.id;
        "#
        .fetch_one::<(i64, String, String)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(join, (2, String::from("foo"), String::from("qux")));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn post_update(#[from(setup_test_table)] mut conn: PgConnection) {
        // Verify that NULL is not counted after update
        "UPDATE test SET col_text = NULL".execute(&mut conn);
        let count = r#"
            SELECT count(*)
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range);
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64,)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(count, vec![(4,)]);

        let res = r#"
            SELECT id, col_int8, col_boolean
            FROM test
            WHERE col_text IS NULL
            AND id @@@ paradedb.range(field=> 'id', range=> '[1, 5)'::int8range)
            ORDER BY id;
        "#
        .fetch::<(i64, Option<i64>, bool)>(&mut conn);
        assert_eq!(
            res,
            vec![
                (1, None, false),
                (2, None, false),
                (3, Some(333), false),
                (4, Some(444), false)
            ]
        )
    }
}

/// Tests for boolean IS TRUE/FALSE operators
mod pushdown_is_bool_operator {
    use super::*;

    // Helper function to verify a query uses custom scan and returns expected results
    fn verify_boolean_is_operator(
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        condition: &str,
        expected_id: i64,
        expected_bool_value: bool,
    ) {
        // Check execution plan uses custom scan
        let sql = format!(
            r#"
            EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
            SELECT *, pdb.score(id) FROM is_true
            WHERE bool_field {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer';
            "#
        );

        eprintln!("{sql}");
        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        // Verify custom scan is used
        verify_custom_scan(&plan, &format!("boolean {condition} operator"));

        // Verify query results
        let results: Vec<(i64, bool, String, f32)> = format!(
            r#"
            SELECT id, bool_field, message, pdb.score(id)
            FROM is_true
            WHERE bool_field {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer'
            ORDER BY id;
            "#
        )
        .fetch(conn);

        assert_eq!(1, results.len());
        assert_eq!(expected_id, results[0].0); // id
        assert_eq!(expected_bool_value, results[0].1); // bool_field
        assert_eq!("beer", results[0].2); // message
    }

    // Helper for complex boolean expression tests
    fn verify_complex_boolean_expr(
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        condition: &str,
        expected_id: i64,
        expected_bool_value: bool,
    ) {
        let sql = format!(
            r#"
            EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
            SELECT *, pdb.score(id) FROM is_true
            WHERE {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer';
            "#
        );

        eprintln!("{sql}");
        let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(conn);
        eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

        // For complex expressions we don't verify the plan type
        // since it may not use Custom Scan directly

        // Just verify the query results
        let results: Vec<(i64, bool, String, Option<f32>)> = format!(
            r#"
            SELECT id, bool_field, message, pdb.score(id)
            FROM is_true
            WHERE {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer'
            ORDER BY id;
            "#
        )
        .fetch(conn);

        assert_eq!(1, results.len());
        assert_eq!(expected_id, results[0].0); // id
        assert_eq!(expected_bool_value, results[0].1); // bool_field
        assert_ne!(None, results[0].3, "score should not be None"); // score
        assert_eq!("beer", results[0].2); // message
    }

    /// Test for issue #2433: Pushdown `bool_field IS true|false`
    /// Verifies that the SQL IS operator for boolean fields is properly
    /// pushed down to the ParadeDB scan operator.
    #[rstest]
    fn test_bool_is_operator_pushdown(mut conn: PgConnection) {
        r#"
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS is_true;
    CREATE TABLE is_true (
        id serial8 not null primary key,
        bool_field boolean,
        message text
    );

    CREATE INDEX idxis_true ON is_true USING bm25 (id, bool_field, message) WITH (key_field = 'id');

    INSERT INTO is_true (bool_field, message) VALUES (true, 'beer');
    INSERT INTO is_true (bool_field, message) VALUES (false, 'beer');
    "#
        .execute(&mut conn);

        // Test all boolean IS operators using the helper function
        verify_boolean_is_operator(&mut conn, "IS true", 1, true);
        verify_boolean_is_operator(&mut conn, "IS false", 2, false);
        verify_boolean_is_operator(&mut conn, "IS NOT true", 2, false);
        verify_boolean_is_operator(&mut conn, "IS NOT false", 1, true);
    }

    /// Test for issue #2433: Complex boolean expressions with IS TRUE/FALSE operators
    /// This test checks the behavior of complex expressions (not just simple field references)
    /// with IS TRUE/FALSE operators.
    ///
    /// Note: Currently, complex expressions won't be pushed down to the ParadeDB scan operator.
    /// PostgreSQL will handle the evaluation of these expressions after the scan.
    /// We're marking this test as ignored until we implement full support for complex expressions.
    #[rstest]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_complex_bool_expressions_with_is_operator(mut conn: PgConnection) {
        r#"
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS is_true;
    CREATE TABLE is_true (
        id serial8 not null primary key,
        bool_field boolean,
        message text
    );

    CREATE INDEX idxis_true ON is_true USING bm25 (id, bool_field, message) WITH (key_field = 'id');

    INSERT INTO is_true (bool_field, message) VALUES (true, 'beer');
    INSERT INTO is_true (bool_field, message) VALUES (false, 'beer');

    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION is_true_test(b boolean) RETURNS boolean AS $$
    BEGIN
        RETURN b;
    END;
    $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
    "#
        .execute(&mut conn);

        // Test with expression IS TRUE
        verify_complex_boolean_expr(&mut conn, "(bool_field = true) IS true", 1, true);

        verify_complex_boolean_expr(&mut conn, "is_true_test(bool_field) IS true", 1, true);

        // Test with complex expression IS FALSE
        verify_complex_boolean_expr(&mut conn, "(bool_field <> true) IS true", 2, false);
    }

    /// Test the handling of boolean IS TRUE/FALSE operators with NULL values
    /// Verifies that SQL operators follow the SQL standard:
    /// - IS TRUE should only return rows where the value is TRUE (not NULL)
    /// - IS FALSE should only return rows where the value is FALSE (not NULL)
    /// - IS NOT TRUE should return rows where the value is FALSE or NULL
    /// - IS NOT FALSE should return rows where the value is TRUE or NULL
    /// - NOT (field = TRUE) should only return rows where the value is FALSE (not NULL)
    #[rstest]
    fn test_boolean_operators_with_null_values(mut conn: PgConnection) {
        r#"
        DROP TABLE IF EXISTS bool_null_test;
        CREATE TABLE bool_null_test (
            id serial8 not null primary key,
            bool_field boolean,
            message text
        );

        CREATE INDEX idx_bool_null_test ON bool_null_test USING bm25 (id, bool_field, message) WITH (key_field = 'id');

        -- Insert values: true, false, and NULL
        INSERT INTO bool_null_test (bool_field, message) VALUES (true, 'beer');
        INSERT INTO bool_null_test (bool_field, message) VALUES (false, 'beer');
        INSERT INTO bool_null_test (bool_field, message) VALUES (NULL, 'beer');
        "#
        .execute(&mut conn);

        // Helper function for testing boolean conditions with expected row count and value checks
        fn test_boolean_condition(
            conn: &mut PgConnection,
            condition: &str,
            expected_count: usize,
            expected_values: &[Option<bool>],
            description: &str,
        ) {
            // Check query plan
            let sql = format!(
                r#"
                EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON)
                SELECT *, pdb.score(id) FROM bool_null_test
                WHERE {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer';
                "#
            );

            eprintln!("{sql}");
            let (plan,) = sql.fetch_one::<(Value,)>(conn);
            eprintln!("{plan:#?}");

            // Verify custom scan is used
            verify_custom_scan(&plan, &format!("{condition} operator with NULL test"));

            // Get actual results
            let results: Vec<(i64, Option<bool>, String, f32)> = format!(
                r#"
                SELECT id, bool_field, message, pdb.score(id)
                FROM bool_null_test
                WHERE {condition} AND message @@@ 'beer'
                ORDER BY id;
                "#
            )
            .fetch(conn);

            // Check result count
            if results.len() != expected_count {
                eprintln!(
                    "FAIL: '{condition}' should return {expected_count} rows, got {}",
                    results.len()
                );
                assert_eq!(expected_count, results.len(), "SQL standard: {description}");
            }

            // Check expected values if provided
            for expected_value in expected_values {
                match expected_value {
                    Some(value) => {
                        let has_value = results.iter().any(|(_, b, _, _)| *b == Some(*value));
                        assert!(
                            has_value,
                            "Results should include a row with bool_field = {value}"
                        );
                    }
                    None => {
                        let has_null = results.iter().any(|(_, b, _, _)| b.is_none());
                        assert!(
                            has_null,
                            "Results should include a row with bool_field = NULL"
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // ---- Simple boolean operators ----

        // Test with IS TRUE - should return only the row with true
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field IS TRUE",
            1,
            &[Some(true)],
            "IS TRUE should only return TRUE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // Test with IS FALSE - should only return the FALSE row (not NULL)
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field IS FALSE",
            1,
            &[Some(false)],
            "IS FALSE should only return FALSE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // Test with IS NOT TRUE - should return rows with false and NULL
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field IS NOT TRUE",
            2,
            &[Some(false), None],
            "IS NOT TRUE should return both FALSE and NULL rows",
        );

        // Test with IS NOT FALSE - should return rows with true and NULL
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field IS NOT FALSE",
            2,
            &[Some(true), None],
            "IS NOT FALSE should return both TRUE and NULL rows",
        );

        // ---- Comparison operators ----

        // Test with = TRUE - should also only return the row with true
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field = TRUE",
            1,
            &[Some(true)],
            "= TRUE should only return TRUE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // Test with = FALSE - should only return the FALSE row (not NULLs)
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "bool_field = FALSE",
            1,
            &[Some(false)],
            "= FALSE should only return FALSE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // ---- Complex expressions ----

        // Test NOT (field = TRUE) - should only return FALSE (no NULL)
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "NOT (bool_field = TRUE)",
            1,
            &[Some(false)],
            "NOT (field = TRUE) should only return FALSE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // Test NOT (field = FALSE) - should only return TRUE (no NULL)
        test_boolean_condition(
            &mut conn,
            "NOT (bool_field = FALSE)",
            1,
            &[Some(true)],
            "NOT (field = FALSE) should only return TRUE rows, not NULL rows",
        );

        // Test for whether comparison with NULL returns expected results
        // (These provide the reference behavior for the IS operators)
        {
            let results: Vec<(i64, Option<bool>, String)> = r#"
                SELECT id, bool_field, message
                FROM bool_null_test
                WHERE bool_field IS NULL AND message @@@ 'beer'
                ORDER BY id;
            "#
            .fetch(&mut conn);

            assert_eq!(1, results.len(), "Should find one row with NULL bool_field");
            assert_eq!(None, results[0].1, "The row should have bool_field = NULL");
        }
    }
}
